Gabion basket for reducing scour around a rectangular bridge pier

Riprap, a slit inside the pier, a number of piles located in front of a pier, collars, and other strategies have all been used to control scouring around bridge piers. In this study, a new alternative countermeasure for reducing scour around the rectangular bridge pier was investigated. A gabion basket —a stone basket attached to the upstream face of the pier—was investigated experimentally for reducing scouring depth around the bridge pier as a countermeasure in a clear-water condition. For estimating the efficiency of using the stone basket as a countermeasure for reducing scour, the scour findings of the pier with no modifications were used as a basis for comparison. The findings indicate that the pier using a stone basket significantly reduced the scour depth. According to the findings, the pier with a stone basket size of dg/B = 0.3 lowered the depth of scouring to 50%, and the best relative length of the stone basket was Lg/B = 0.5. Based on the experimental findings, a formula for predicting scour depth at rectangular bridge piers was developed. The results of this study may be used in the field of application for bridge pier protection design

Gabion basket for reducing scour around a rectangular bridge pier

Riprap, a slit inside the pier, a number of piles located in front of a pier, collars, and other strategies have all been used to control scouring around bridge piers. In this study, a new alternative countermeasure for reducing scour around the rectangular bridge pier was investigated. A gabion basket —a stone basket attached to the upstream face of the pier—was investigated experimentally for reducing scouring depth around the bridge pier as a countermeasure in a clear-water condition. For estimating the efficiency of using the stone basket as a countermeasure for reducing scour, the scour findings of the pier with no modifications were used as a basis for comparison. The findings indicate that the pier using a stone basket significantly reduced the scour depth. According to the findings, the pier with a stone basket size of dg/B = 0.3 lowered the depth of scouring to 50%, and the best relative length of the stone basket was Lg/B = 0.5. Based on the experimental findings, a formula for predicting scour depth at rectangular bridge piers was developed. The results of this study may be used in the field of application for bridge pier protection design

Optimizing the In-Vessel Composting Process of Sugarbeet Dry-Cleaning Residue

Rapid urbanization and industrialization around the world have created massive amounts of organic residues, which have been prioritized for conversion into valuable resources through the composting process to keep their harmful effect at a minimum. This research aimed to assess the influence of active and passive aeration on composting mass of sugar beet residues in the case of using additives (e.g., charcoal only or manure only or combination). Some physicochemical properties of composting mass were analyzed on certain days of composting. Some parameters including temperature–time profile, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), moisture content, electrical conductivity, pH, germination and microbial population enumeration of compost were measured. Cress germination test was conducted for each medium of germination which contains a mixture of soil and compost (at a ratio of 3:1) taken from each treatment. The results showed that temperature–time profile data of composting mass showed an irregularity. Forcedly aerated composting mass did not demonstrate a thermophilic phase while passively aerated ones did not show a mesophilic phase. Carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio reduction was greater in most forcedly aerated composting mass than passively aerated on days from 1 to 33 of composting period. The results further showed that electrical conductivity decreased at the end of the composting period where it ranged from 2.55 to 3.1 dS/m. Germination medium containing forcedly aerated compost treated with a combination of charcoal and manure achieved the highest germination index which was higher than the control sample by 58.63% followed by forcedly aerated composting mass treated by charcoal only which exceeded the control sample by 5.35%. Strong correlation coefficient (r > 0.80) for the relationship between germination index and number of bacteria was obtained on day 17th of composting period